Soil properties evaluation under different irrigation sources in the Semi-arid Region of Kandahar, Afghanistan
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Wastewater reuse is a non-conventional source of water containing high amounts of nutrients but also other undesirable components. However, little is known about the impact of wastewater irrigation on farmland soil properties, particularly in Afghanistan. Therefore, this paper reports for the first time a comprehensive understanding of the presence and effect of soil properties under wastewater irrigation and freshwater irrigation in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Accordingly, the properties of soil were evaluated by collecting soil samples from the sites of Haji-Arab (HA), Bala-Karz (BKZ), Mahal-e-Nejat (MN), and Char-Bagh (CB) in Kandahar province. The agricultural fields at the HA, BKZ, and MN sites are irrigated with wastewater, while at the CB site farms are entirely irrigated by freshwater. The results of this study revealed that the lowest pH and maximum EC levels were recorded in the BKZ soil samples, followed by the HA, MN, and CB soil samples. The soil texture class was silt loam and sandy loam at the wastewater-irrigated and freshwater-irrigated sites, respectively. Discoveries from this study have identified implications for informing policymakers on the need for appropriate wastewater treatment systems and regulations to ensure the safe and sustainable use of wastewater for irrigation purposes.
Keywords
Irrigation, Effluence, Soil, Wastewater##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
References
- Abd-Elwahed, M. S. (2018). Influence of long-term wastewater irrigation on soil quality and its spatial distribution. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 63(2), 191-199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2018.11.004
- Ahmad, K., Wajid, K., Khan, Z. I., Ugulu, I., Memoona, H., Sana, M., . . . Sher, M. (2019). Evaluation of Potential Toxic Metals Accumulation in Wheat Irrigated with Wastewater. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 102(6), 822-828. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02605-1
- Alawsy, W. S. A., Alabadi, L. A. S., & Khaeim, H. M. (2019). Effect of sewage water irrigation on growth performance, biomass and nutrient accumulation in maize and barley. International Journal of agricultural and statistical sciences, 14(2), 519-524. doi:https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28409.31847
- Borsato E, Rosa L, Marinello F, Tarolli P, D'Odorico P (2020). Weak and strong sustainability of irrigation: A framework for irrigation practices under limited water availability. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4, 17.
- Delgado, A. & Gómez, J. A. (2016). The Soil. Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties, in Villalobos, F. J. and Fereres, E. (Eds.), Principles of Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture, p. 15-26. Cham: Springer.
- Du, Z., Zhao, S., She, Y., Zhang, Y., Yuan, J., Rahman, S. U., . . . Li, P. (2022). Effects of Different Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Properties and Vegetable Productivity in the North China Plain. Agriculture, 12(8), 1106. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081106
- Gao, Y., Shao, G., Wu, S., Xiaojun, W., Lu, J., & Cui, J. (2021). Changes in soil salinity under treated wastewater irrigation: A meta-analysis. Agricultural Water Management, 255, 106986. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106986
- Li, H., Van den Bulcke, J., Mendoza, O., Deroo, H., Haesaert, G., Dewitte, K., . . . Sleutel, S. (2022). Soil texture controls added organic matter mineralization by regulating soil moisture—evidence from a field experiment in a maritime climate. Geoderma, 410, 115690. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115690
- Poustie, A., Yang, Y., Verburg, P., Pagilla, K., & Hanigan, D. (2020). Reclaimed wastewater as a viable water source for agricultural irrigation: A review of food crop growth inhibition and promotion in the context of environmental change. Science of The Total Environment, 739, 139756. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139756
- Qadir, M., Drechsel, P., Jiménez Cisneros, B., Kim, Y., Pramanik, A., Mehta, P., & Olaniyan, O. (2020). Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water, nutrient and energy source. Natural Resources Forum, 44(1), 40-51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12187
- Singh, P. K., Yadav, J. S., Kumar, I., Kumar, U., & Sharma, R. K. (2022). Risk assessment of heavy metal contaminated vegetables and cereal crops from carpet industrial effluents irrigated areas of northern India. PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square. doi:https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1622081/v1
- Yaseen, Z. M., Al-Juboori, A. M., Beyaztas, U., Al-Ansari, N., Chau, K.-W., Qi, C., . . . Shahid, S. (2020). Prediction of evaporation in arid and semi-arid regions: a comparative study using different machine learning models. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 14(1), 70-89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2019.1680576
- Zheng, S. A., Zheng, X., & Chen, C. (2012). Leaching behavior of heavy metals and transformation of their speciation in polluted soil receiving simulated acid rain. PLoS One, 7(11), e49664. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049664