Norfloxacin-Repeated Dose Toxicity on Liver of Broiler Chickens
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.sidebar##
Downloads
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Background: Norfloxacin is a second generation fluoroquinolone, primarily used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. However, later clinical studies have documented the efficacy of norfloxacin for a variety of Gram-negative infections including pneumonia, CNS/CSF infections, prostatitis and septicemia. The present study was conducted to investigate the toxic effect of norfloxacin during 28 day repeated dose toxicity on the liver tissue of broiler chickens.
Materials and Methods: The experimental birds acclimatized to laboratory housing condition were assigned as vehicle, control, treatment, and satellite groups (each group contained 6 birds). Stellate group, without administering Norfloxacin solution with partial control group was maintained for extra two weeks after the 28-day period.
Findings: Gross lesions in the liver of group IV and V observed were fatty change, enlargement, and increase of size and petechial hemorrhagic. Hepatocytes were swollen with mild vacuolar changes with granular cytoplasm. Focal areas of hepatocytes with degeneration infiltration of mononuclear cells, dilation of sinusoid, perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells, bile duct epithelial hyperplasia and perivascular infiltration were noticed in the present study. The organ/body weight ratio percentages of liver for groups I, II, III, IV and V on 29th day were 2.81, 3.53, 3.54, 3.98 and 5.03 respectively. There was significant (P<0.001) increase in organ/body weight percentage ratio of group V as compared to the control group. On day 21 of treatment the serum ALT concentration was significantly increase in group V (P < 0.001) when compared to group I birds. On day 28 of treatment the mean serum ALT concentration was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in group V birds compared to group I birds. On 21st day of treatment the serum AST level of group V was significantly increased (P < 0.001) when compared to group I birds. On 28th day of treatment the mean serum AST was significantly high in-group V (P < 0.001) birds when compared to group I birds. These findings were accordance with finding of other authors.
Conclusion: According to gross pathology, histopathology and biochemical findings in the present study it was concluded that the norfloxacin has toxic effect on the liver tissue of chickens at the dose of 333 and 1100 mg/kg orally.
Keywords
Norfloxacin, Sub-acute toxicity, Liver degeneration, Broiler chicken, Liver, AST, ALT##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
References
- Amerson, A. (1982). United States Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Volume 39, Issue 5, 1 May 1982, Pages 921–925,
- BRAUNWALD, E., ISSOLBACHER, K. J., PETERSDORF, R. G., WILSON, J. D. and FANCI, A. S.,(1987). Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. Edn. 11th, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New York
- Coleman, C. I., Spencer, J. V., Chung, J. O., & Reddy, P. (2002). Possible gatifloxacin-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 36(7-8), 1162-1167.
- Cornelius, C. E. (1980). Liver function. In Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. Academic Press. pp. 201-257
- Gonzalez, J. P., & Henwood, J. M. (1989). Pefloxacin: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs, 37, 628-668.
- Gomez-Lechon, M. J., Jover, R., & Donato, M. T. (2009). Cytochrome p450 and steatosis. Current drug metabolism, 10(7), 692-699.
- Hess, B. (2016). Enzymes in blood plasma. Academic Press.
- Halkin, H. (1988). Adverse effects of the fluoroquinolones. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 10(Supplement_1), S258-S261.
- Mascellino, M. T., Lorenzi, A., Bonanni, M., & Iegri, F. (1986). Antimicrobial activity of norfloxacin in enteric and urinary tract infections: combined effect of norfloxacin with aminoglycosides, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Drugs under experimental and clinical research, 12(4), 319-323.
- Matsuno, K., Kunihiro, E., Yamatoya, O., Miyata, K., Hasegawa, H., Fujita, H., ... & Hirakawa, Y. (1995). Surveillance of adverse reactions due to ciprofloxacin in Japan. Drugs, 49(Suppl 2), 495-496.
- Regmi, N. L., Abd El‐Aty, A. M., Kuroha, M., Nakamura, M., & Shimoda, M. (2005). Inhibitory effect of several fluoroquinolones on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P‐450 1A activities in dogs. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 28(6), 553-557.
- Shlosberg, A., Ershov, E., Bellaiche, M., Hanji, V., Weisman, Y., & Soback, S. (1997). The inhibitory effects of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobials norfloxacin and enrofloxacin on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases in broiler chickens. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions, 14(2), 109-122.