Impact and Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Paddy Fields and their Mitigation Techniques

Abstract

Agricultural soil functions as both a supplier and absorber of significant greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and carbon dioxide (CO₂). The scientific community has expressed significant concern regarding rice paddies, as they are responsible for the production of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that pose a long-lasting threat. The primary GHGs emitted from these fields are CH₄ and N₂O, accounting for approximately 30% and 11% of global agricultural emissions, respectively. Consequently, there is an urgent need to accurately measure the fluxes of CH₄ and N₂O in order to enhance our comprehension of these gases originating from rice fields. This understanding will enable the development of effective mitigation tactics to combat future climate change. This review aims to exclusively focus on the emission of CH₄ and N₂O in poddy fields, while also examining the impact of field and crop management activities on these emissions. Modifying traditional crop management practices could yield substantial results in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in poddy fields. By implementing effective management techniques, both environmental and agricultural aspects pertaining to soil can be readily adjusted. Therefore, comprehending the process of CH₄ and N₂O generation and release in poddy fields, as well as the factors governing these emissions, is crucial for devising efficient strategies to minimize emissions from  poddy fields. This will assist regulatory bodies and policymakers in developing appropriate policies for agricultural farmers to enhance the reduction of GHG emissions and mitigate global climate change.